E-Waste and Sustainability

A few years ago, I hosted a dinner for some friends at home, in Nairobi. As we tried to sort out the music situation, one of them noticed the seriously old VCR sitting neatly among all the other slightly newer equipment under the TV. He burst out into incredulous laughter- he couldn't remember the last time he'd seen a VCR. To be honest, I'd never even thought of tossing it, even though it's completely out of use.
A couple of years after that, at grad school in Boston, we got a number of emails from seemingly helpful fellow students, looking to "donate" their 3- or 4 -year old laptops to "kids in Africa....If you're going to be anywhere on the continent, please let me know. It's in really good condition, but I just need to move onto something newer and lighter." There is nothing wrong with donating a used laptop to helpless kids on a "poor" continent...or is there?

These memories have got me thinking quite seriously about how we dispose of all our old equipment and gadgetry- especially as a larger percentage of the population move into US-like levels of consumption of new generation phones, and the broader population is subjected to increasingly cheap, short-life products.

The problem with e-waste is mainly the danger to human health and the environment, with a number of compounds found in e-waste found to contain cancer causing elements. (Thanks to ewaste guide for this comprehensive list). This problem is further compounded when this waste finds its way to the developing world, with most   (if not all countries) lacking the capacity to deal with it. It thus becomes a threat to human health and the environment, very much like outright dumping of toxic waste in the developing world. (See Trafigura Incident here.)

In mid September 2014, in Geneva Switzerland, the ninth meeting of the Open-ended Working Group on the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal will convene. The overarching objective of the Basel Convention is to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects of hazardous wastes. Coming into force in 1992, it has been slow to agree basic definitions on hazardous waste, and, as with all multilateral environmental agreements, has no power of enforcement. Hence the toxic waste dumped by the multinational firm, Trafigura, that caused the deaths of many in the Ivory Coast, as well as long term health problems, has never been physically cleared from the country. Neither have those who suffered terribly been properly addressed and compensated.

Among the issues to be discussed is international guidelines on e-waste. These have been contentious for a number of reasons, chief among them is that new and emerging economies, backed by some industry players, would like electronic products that have not yet come to the end of their lives to be deemed "non-waste"and thus be fit for export, with the exporting countries having no responsibility to the importing countries-- not even a notification that these products have a very limited shelf-life and that they will soon be waste products. It remains to be seen whether these guidelines will be adopted.

But on the local front, the issue of e-waste is already being discussed and implemented. In 2011, Safaricom partnered with the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) to launch a recycling  scheme in a bid to extend the life of its products. Several recycling spots were introduced all over the country, and the scheme has been pretty effective in collecting and refurbishing those phones that still had some life in them. In 2013, this partnership expanded, with the Communications Commission of Kenya working together to raise awareness on the dangers of poor disposal of e-waste (see press article here).

However, what happens to those products that are irreparable? Many times, these products end up in dumps, where young people scavenge for them and then melt them to try and regain the copper the products sometimes contain. The act of burning them releases toxic compounds that have been proven carcinogens, or are just outright poisonous like arsenic.  But even before the burning process, these "dead products" leak live deadly chemicals into the soil, compromising our food and water quality, and thus directly affecting our health and ability to reproduce healthy children.

In East Africa, Kenya leads in technology consumption,as seen in this chart.
 Looking at the slightly dated figures, Kenya (and, indeed the region) is not yet at dangerous levels. 



 But we don't need to get to these levels in order to do something.
"Something" could include:

• Conscious individuals NOT throwing away our old phones, DVD players, VCRs, and TVs until we know exactly where they go;
• Calling on the government to push for Basel Convention Regional Center for East Africa to be based in Kenya to encourage proper training on hazardous waste disposal, as well as the requisite tech transfer;
• Engaging the tech multinationals setting up shop on our soil to re-export end-of-life goods to the developed world, where there is the capacity to deal with these products sustainably;
• Encouraging other companies to establish recycling points for their products, if these products are still recyclable- like Safaricom has done.

Other suggestions are very welcome... so that we don't end up like this.

Creating Sustainability in Growing Consumerist Societies

I live in a generation and in a geographical location where I'm constantly thrown between wealth creation, consumerism and sustainability. My line of work is a perfect balance between a totally unsustainable jet-setting lifestyle, and the noble provision of information regarding ongoing sustainable development and environment negotiations around the world. The irony of the use of new technologies and media we employ to disseminate the information we gather from these on-site meetings never fails to escape me.
But the organization has heard good things about its work and the use of our reports in policy briefs which in turn influence decision-makers, so I sleep a little easier every night (even with the knowledge that my carbon footprint is huge- you can calculate your carbon footprint here, thanks to The Nature Conservancy).

In the year 2000, former UN Secretary General Koffi Annan proposed, and states agreed to, the millennium development goals (MDGs)- a set of 8 goals aimed at addressing the major challenges of the developing world to be achieved by 2015. Courtesy of the UN Millennium Development Goals website, these goals are:

Picture courtesy of Millennium Campaign Africa

Unfortunately, the world has failed to achieve most of the goals. This is due in part to the process that lead to the acceptance of the goals, and the potential unrealistic target dates given the rise in population and poor infrastructure in the most vulnerable countries and regions. But it is largely because these goals did not address the root causes of the problems, but merely treated the visible symptoms.

In the last 2 years or so, some conscious policy-influencers and decision-makers have been engaged in a process to create the new MDGs. These have been dubbed the sustainable development goals (SDGs) and the process has been as rigorous as any that seeks to draw worldwide participation. The United Nations, that is leading this process, even asked for submissions and preferences through the MyWorld2015 survey (which some have found to be counter-intuitive to the cause of global sustainable development). Several other efforts over the last 2 years took place, in a bid to make this process as inclusive and participatory as possible. The entire process and the negotiations towards compromised, attainable goals have been conducted under the broad banner of the Post-2015 development agenda.

On 3 May 2014, the Open Working Group (comprising concerned member states of the UN and other stakeholders) tasked with working on the SDGs released the Zero Draft on the Proposed Sustainable Development  Goals. The draft includes a lengthy preamble containing states affirmations and reaffirmations on making the world a more equal place, as well as 17 distinct goals to be attained by 2030. These are:

1. End poverty in all its forms everywhere

2. End hunger, achieve food security and adequate nutrition for all, and promote sustainable agriculture

3. Attain healthy life for all at all ages

4. Provide equitable and inclusive quality education and life-long learning opportunities for all

5. Attain gender equality, empower women and girls everywhere

6. Secure water and sanitation for all for a sustainable world

7. Ensure access to affordable, sustainable, and reliable modern energy services for all

8. Promote strong, inclusive and sustainable economic growth and decent work for all

9. Promote sustainable industrialization

10. Reduce inequality within and among countries

11. Build inclusive, safe and sustainable cities and human settlements

12. Promote sustainable consumption and production patterns

13. Promote actions at all levels to address climate change

14. Attain conservation and sustainable use of marine resources, oceans and seas

15. Protect and restore terrestrial ecosystems and halt all biodiversity loss

16. Achieve peaceful and inclusive societies, rule of law, effective and capable institutions

17. Strengthen and enhance the means of implementation and global partnership for sustainable development

They strike me as being both noble and necessary. The Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform describes the goals as follows: "Sustainable Development Goals are ... action oriented, global in nature and universally applicable to all countries, while taking into account different national realities, capacities and levels of development and respecting national policies and priorities. They integrate economic, social and environmental aspects and recognize their interlinkages in achieving sustainable development in all its dimensions." This zero draft is the most recent of efforts to synthesise all the views  and priorities of UN member states. The fact that it is a zero draft reflects that fact that there is still more negotiation to be done.

It's a great effort, but perhaps what remains to be seen is whether these proposed goals: address the underlying concerns of systemic economic inequality; take into account the role, function, and knowledge of customary, indigenous and local communities; and smooth the road to a sustainably prosperous world for present and future societies. The last idea is one to be dwelt upon perhaps the most, as the promise of prosperity through the 20th century conjured up images of cars on wide paved roads, leisure trips via airplanes, big plates of rich food, big concrete houses and spacious offices in tall air-conditioned buildings, happy industries producing for local and international populations, and many other shiny things.

Much as it was a wrong initial vision, it is what people have come to accept and expect. It is the reason many young graduates will not consider blue-collar jobs. These are the measures of success for us, and for many in the developing world.

To erase that vision and replace it with bicycle rides to work, small vegetarian meals, do-it-yourself gardens, and containers converted into smart houses seems more like a rip-off than a reward for good behaviour.

What incentives can effectively elicit the desirable behaviour-change? Perhaps none. But what can be done, in order for 2030 to be a year of celebration and not of mourning (as 2015 will be) is to strive to change the education system right from the word go. Very much like the campaigns to recycle in the US were driven by school-going children, what must happen in the developing world is an effort to reprogram the minds of young children concerning what success looks like. If they believe that it is less about having "stuff" and more about experiences, then sustainability may be achieved in their lifetime. But education alone is not enough. Actions speak louder than words in text books: they have to see it in action. I only need one phone, but I have three. It is physically impossible for me to drive two cars at once, but I have them all the same.

What are you willing to give up to give the next generation a chance?

And Then We Bought Into The Lie...

...that the system was going to fail anyway, so why not just jump ship. In this quest to allow children (real, or desired) to have a better life than their parents, we began to tear down the system.

Instead of supporting the public education system that had consistently and ably provided us with a decent education, we took our children to international schools, and then sent them abroad. Instead of giving back to the public health system- for the numerous times we had used it to get us back to good- we pumped our hard earned cash into the private health care system (not realizing that it was the same doctors who also consulted and worked within the public health system in our towns and cities).

Instead of maintaining the public garbage system, and the need to keep our streets and neighbourhoods clean, we allowed corruption to seep through the system so badly, that all we have now are relics of the dustbins that once drove around the cities and towns. What we have instead is a host of privatized companies now providing the services we still pay the government for.

But what hurts most is the things we do to ourselves that destroy us. Let me not even get into the rant concerning the cross-country railway line that should have been build 28 years ago, but that is still a pipe dream because some politician (WHO IS STILL HOLDING OFFICE!!!) stole the donor-funding that was earmarked for it. No, let's stick with the less dagger-in-the-back twisting pain that is our road transport. Growing up, my parents and older brothers were full of stories about the buses they took from home to school, and to work, and to church, and to shop. The image of these buses plying any route I know are only an unclear memory in my head. Yet again, this fiend privatization strikes again- causing someone to have a crazy idea that if they can create an elite of matatu-owning people, Kenya would be a better place. So they began- using every mechanism to undermine the government-run transport system, and now we have matatus. It's interesting that the debate about matatus only revolves around replacing 14-seaters, but completely ignores the fact that we had a regulated, affordable system that works, and that we STILL have the vehicles to make that system work again. No, it doesn't- because the very people who destroyed the system (and who are currently reaping the profits from the privatized network of road demons) are the people we elected to create better public policy for us. Did anyone think about the implications for shutting down a public transport system would play out? The number of man-hours lost in traffic (by my very conservative estimation its about 40,000 in the Westlands area only) each day, and what that means for development? The number of lives lost as matatu drivers strive to meet their quotas?
Would it have mattered if they did?

And how did we do this? Well, we didn't speak up when the services began to wane. We didn't raise a furor when the teachers complained about their salaries, or the doctors and nurses complained about the conditions they had to work in. We kept silent when our brothers and sisters in the city councils all over the town became greedy and corrupt, and completely mismanaged the monies we entrusted them with to maintain the cleanliness of our shared spaces. We allowed politicians to politicize the transport system, and systematically shut down every avenue for affordable public transport every Kenyan deserves. Those of us who could bought cars, and those of us who couldn't began to walk in silence.

What kind of citizens are we if we allow the public officials who have failed us to get away scott-free? An Ethiopian friend told me the other day that Kenya is seen as the capitalist utopia of Africa. If this is what we are striving for, and privatization at all costs (and usually at the expense of the 70% who cannot afford this uber expensive private life) is what we are working towards, then we have arrived.

Silence* kills societies that work. But let us not live under the illusion that this is "all we have to work with." That is a lie. It is not. We make these choices every day. In our history in this society-creation we had to do post independence, we made some pretty bad choices. But  it's still our country. We can start making some good ones- good ones for us all, not just a few of us.

*Song by Muthoni, The Drummer Queen

Betrayed

Betray: \bi-ˈtrā, bē-\: to fail or desert especially in time of need

The emotion that this paints is one of pain, and of hopelessness. One of dashed hopes; disappointments.
This is where I go, every time I think of home. Every time I think about who I am in relation to who I am supposed to be. The African against the african. The Kenyan against the Kenyan-from-Nairobi.


The older generation hate that latter phrase. They don't believe it to be true of anyone. Nairobi is not a place you come from. There are no shambas in Nairobi, no soil on which to cultivate, or land on which to graze cattle (kettle). Not only is that not permitted, it would also be callous and uncultured to practice any form of rural-ity in the city. For it is a city- a place of hard cash and concrete and unrelentingly heat on Monday afternoons in the stuffy Parliament building.


But that generation, now dying out, is wrong. Because, we are here- those of us who identify ourselves quite strictly by that phrase...Kenyan-from-Nairobi. The city is all we know. And to make matters even worse, we only identify with certain parts of the city, denoting how well our parents did for us (although nobody ever says this too loudly anymore...One Kenya, One People and all). So I identify with the west of nairobi and all the "rich-kid" sneers it evokes. Not that I'm a rich kid- far from it. Just that my parents got lucky, and landed up in what was once a leafy suburb (now turned concrete jungle) that catered to, and still does, the "upper middle class."


I have school mates here in the US, who are striving to be able to have their kids identify with that part of city. Proof of having "made it." Like getting into this school is not enough. Like having to pay all the money to be here is nothing. All that matters is that you live on the white right side of town in a developing country on the other side of the world.

But it is not with them that my quarrel lies. It is not even with my elderly parents, who were only trying to do the best for us by sanitizing us of any real culture (because culture means memories of climbing up the social ladder, and sometimes those are bad) and leaving us "better" than they could ever have been under colonialism.


It is with the generation born at independence and just after- that generation that could have reinterpreted this sticky concept of identity for us- filled that cultureless gap with vital information about who we are, and why we are that and not something else. That is the generation that betrayed us. Instead of taking the privileges their parents afforded them and using them to re-member (or 'member')  an identity for a fractured country, they fell into 'businessing', and amassing, and "investing" and "building." Not that any of these things were wrong in themselves. Just that they are wrong if done in a vacuum. And that is where Kenya lay as they began their exploits.


In a cultureless vacuum. And so when tribalism reared its ugly head to fill that void, it found no resistance. On the contrary, it was welcomed. Because, you see, when the amassing and businessing and building and investing was on a slump, and minds were more open to thought, there was nothing- nothing of higher inspiration, nothing of greater good, no bigger-picture scenes, nothing. The most natural thought that could occur in that void was the thought of self.

And that self sought similar selves to be conjoined to. So the ethnic nation-building spirits that divided the land of their fathers possessed them, and they were ravaged by that demon called ethnicity. That demon that only destroys, tears down, tramples. But they had lost the window of opportunity to be exorcised that had presented itself in the 1980s, just after the attempted coup. They could have refused to take in what they were told...that X was blacker than them and therefore up to no god, that Y was a schemer, and thus out to finish them. They could have chosen to remember that it was Onyango who shared his books in class, and Kimani who was the best goalkeeper in last week's game, and Ngaira who's mother had given you the biscuits, and Chep who painted your nails for the wedding. And that X and Y didn't matter. People with individual talents and quirks and energies did (and do). We could have been one, had we rejected that notion of apartness that so clearly identifies us now.


But my older brothers and sisters failed us.


Lucky for us, desperation is surely a greater mother of invention than necessity- but if it makes us quibble, let's say she is the mother of innovation instead. Desperation has driven generation Michael Jackson/Whitney Houston to come up with "innovative solutions" in a bid to reclaim our identity. The problem is, there are about as many innovations as there are people. 

Some of us deny our identity as Kenyans- we're too "other" to really do the "Kenyan thing," (whatever that connotes). So we only associate with white and brown skinned people. Everyone else is too dark for us, has too many secrets that we'd rather not know. And besides, this truly cleanses us from the rot that hides beneath, and makes us international citizens-able to live and be anywhere, living seamless lives in Vienna and Sydney and San Fransisco and Cape Town.
Others have created for us a "Kenyan-other class" that calls itself truly Kenyan, drops all actually Western names but tries hard to Westernise all cultural names (Wanjiroh, Shiquoh...I'm not terribly sure where in the Greek/Latin spectrum these lie, but surely they must lie somewhere..). This group identifies with all that is foreign- we colonize it and then try to clone it: from sounds, to art, to accents, to clothing, to architecture.
Then there are those of us who are just striving to make it to the other side of town (that white side I mentioned before). The problem is, even as we make the move, we're still "outsiders"- we didn't go to the "right" schools, we don't speak English the way the natives of this place do...but we're here finally, and nobody is going to move us. So we colonize too- by sheer numbers. Because numbers mean that we're not the only ones in the neighbourhood that don't speak like the natives... we're not the only ones playing music loudly in these ridiculously quiet neighbourhoods. Numbers mean "they" are different; they don't fit in. We're safe, and we've made it.

That's just three groups...I'll come back later and file all the others into these staid boxes that my mind has created.